Medical image segmentation (MIS) is essential for supporting disease diagnosis and treatment effect assessment. Despite considerable advances in artificial intelligence (AI) for MIS, clinicians remain skeptical of its utility, maintaining low confidence in such black box systems, with this problem being exacerbated by low generalization for out-of-distribution (OOD) data. To move towards effective clinical utilization, we propose a foundation model named EvidenceCap, which makes the box transparent in a quantifiable way by uncertainty estimation. EvidenceCap not only makes AI visible in regions of uncertainty and OOD data, but also enhances the reliability, robustness, and computational efficiency of MIS. Uncertainty is modeled explicitly through subjective logic theory to gather strong evidence from features. We show the effectiveness of EvidenceCap in three segmentation datasets and apply it to the clinic. Our work sheds light on clinical safe applications and explainable AI, and can contribute towards trustworthiness in the medical domain.

Federated Deep Learning frameworks can be used strategically to monitor Land Use locally and infer environmental impacts globally. Distributed data from across the world would be needed to build a global model for Land Use classification. The need for a Federated approach in this application domain would be to avoid transfer of data from distributed locations and save network bandwidth to reduce communication cost. We use a Federated UNet model for Semantic Segmentation of satellite and street view images. The novelty of the proposed architecture is the integration of Knowledge Distillation to reduce communication cost and response time. The accuracy obtained was above 95% and we also brought in a significant model compression to over 17 times and 62 times for street View and satellite images respectively. Our proposed framework has the potential to be a game-changer in real-time tracking of climate change across the planet.

Focusing on the complicated pathological features, such as blurred boundaries, severe scale differences between symptoms, background noise interference, etc., in the task of retinal edema lesions joint segmentation from OCT images and enabling the segmentation results more reliable. In this paper, we propose a novel reliable multi-scale wavelet-enhanced transformer network, which can provide accurate segmentation results with reliability assessment. Specifically, aiming at improving the model's ability to learn the complex pathological features of retinal edema lesions in OCT images, we develop a novel segmentation backbone that integrates a wavelet-enhanced feature extractor network and a multi-scale transformer module of our newly designed. Meanwhile, to make the segmentation results more reliable, a novel uncertainty segmentation head based on the subjective logical evidential theory is introduced to generate the final segmentation results with a corresponding overall uncertainty evaluation score map. We conduct comprehensive experiments on the public database of AI-Challenge 2018 for retinal edema lesions segmentation, and the results show that our proposed method achieves better segmentation accuracy with a high degree of reliability as compared to other state-of-the-art segmentation approaches. The code will be released on: https://github.com/LooKing9218/ReliableRESeg.

Spiking neural networks (SNN) are a viable alternative to conventional artificial neural networks when energy efficiency and computational complexity are of importance. A major advantage of SNNs is their binary information transfer through spike trains. The training of SNN has, however, been a challenge, since neuron models are non-differentiable and traditional gradient-based backpropagation algorithms cannot be applied directly. Furthermore, spike-timing-dependent plasticity (STDP), albeit being a spike-based learning rule, updates weights locally and does not optimize for the output error of the network. We present desire backpropagation, a method to derive the desired spike activity of neurons from the output error. The loss function can then be evaluated locally for every neuron. Incorporating the desire values into the STDP weight update leads to global error minimization and increasing classification accuracy. At the same time, the neuron dynamics and computational efficiency of STDP are maintained, making it a spike-based supervised learning rule. We trained three-layer networks to classify MNIST and Fashion-MNIST images and reached an accuracy of 98.41% and 87.56%, respectively. Furthermore, we show that desire backpropagation is computationally less complex than backpropagation in traditional neural networks.

Localizing anatomical landmarks are important tasks in medical image analysis. However, the landmarks to be localized often lack prominent visual features. Their locations are elusive and easily confused with the background, and thus precise localization highly depends on the context formed by their surrounding areas. In addition, the required precision is usually higher than segmentation and object detection tasks. Therefore, localization has its unique challenges different from segmentation or detection. In this paper, we propose a zoom-in attentive network (ZIAN) for anatomical landmark localization in ocular images. First, a coarse-to-fine, or "zoom-in" strategy is utilized to learn the contextualized features in different scales. Then, an attentive fusion module is adopted to aggregate multi-scale features, which consists of 1) a co-attention network with a multiple regions-of-interest (ROIs) scheme that learns complementary features from the multiple ROIs, 2) an attention-based fusion module which integrates the multi-ROIs features and non-ROI features. We evaluated ZIAN on two open challenge tasks, i.e., the fovea localization in fundus images and scleral spur localization in AS-OCT images. Experiments show that ZIAN achieves promising performances and outperforms state-of-the-art localization methods. The source code and trained models of ZIAN are available at https://github.com/leixiaofeng-astar/OMIA9-ZIAN.

内存深度学习计算它们存储的神经网络模型，从而避免了存储器和计算单元之间的长距离通信，导致能量和时间相当节省。内存深度学习已经证明了幅度较高的性能密度和能效。利用新兴的记忆技术的利用承诺进一步增加密度，能量和性能的增长。然而，新兴内存技术本质上是不稳定的，导致数据读取的随机波动。这可以转化为不可忽略的准确性损失，可能会使收益损失。在本文中，我们提出了三种可以在数学上克服新兴内存技术的不稳定问题的优化技术。它们可以提高内存深度学习模型的准确性，同时最大限度地提高其能效。实验表明，我们的解决方案可以充分恢复大多数模型的最先进的准确性，并至少达到比最先进的能效效率更高的阶数。

编译器框架对于广泛使用基于FPGA的深度学习加速器来说是至关重要的。它们允许研究人员和开发人员不熟悉硬件工程，以利用域特定逻辑所获得的性能。存在传统人工神经网络的各种框架。然而，没有多大的研究努力已经进入创建针对尖刺神经网络（SNNS）进行优化的框架。这种新一代的神经网络对于在边缘设备上部署AI的越来越有趣，其具有紧密的功率和资源约束。我们的端到端框架E3NE为FPGA自动生成高效的SNN推理逻辑。基于Pytorch模型和用户参数，它应用各种优化，并评估基于峰值的加速器固有的权衡。多个水平的并行性和新出现的神经编码方案的使用导致优于先前的SNN硬件实现的效率。对于类似的型号，E3NE使用的硬件资源的少于50％，功率较低20％，同时通过幅度降低延迟。此外，可扩展性和通用性允许部署大规模的SNN模型AlexNet和VGG。

Accurately predicting interactive road agents' future trajectories and planning a socially compliant and human-like trajectory accordingly are important for autonomous vehicles. In this paper, we propose a planning-centric prediction neural network, which takes surrounding agents' historical states and map context information as input, and outputs the joint multi-modal prediction trajectories for surrounding agents, as well as a sequence of control commands for the ego vehicle by imitation learning. An agent-agent interaction module along the time axis is proposed in our network architecture to better comprehend the relationship among all the other intelligent agents on the road. To incorporate the map's topological information, a Dynamic Graph Convolutional Neural Network (DGCNN) is employed to process the road network topology. Besides, the whole architecture can serve as a backbone for the Differentiable Integrated motion Prediction with Planning (DIPP) method by providing accurate prediction results and initial planning commands. Experiments are conducted on real-world datasets to demonstrate the improvements made by our proposed method in both planning and prediction accuracy compared to the previous state-of-the-art methods.

3D对象检测是自动驾驶的重要组成部分，深层神经网络（DNNS）已达到此任务的最新性能。但是，深层模型臭名昭著，因为将高置信度得分分配给分布（OOD）输入，即未从训练分布中得出的输入。检测OOD输入是具有挑战性的，对于模型的安全部署至关重要。已经针对分类任务进行了广泛研究OOD检测，但是它尚未对对象检测任务，特别是基于激光雷达的3D对象检测的注意力。在本文中，我们关注基于激光雷达的3D对象检测的OOD输入的检测。我们制定了OOD输入对于对象检测的含义，并提议适应几种OOD检测方法进行对象检测。我们通过提出的特征提取方法来实现这一目标。为了评估OOD检测方法，我们开发了一种简单但有效的技术，用于为给定的对象检测模型生成OOD对象​​。我们基于KITTI数据集的评估表明，不同的OOD检测方法具有检测特定OOD对象​​的偏差。它强调了联合OOD检测方法的重要性以及在这个方向上进行更多研究。

行星漫游者任务必须利用基于机器学习的感知来继续发生地球外探索，几乎没有人类的存在。火星地形细分对于漫游车导航和避免危害至关重要，以执行进一步的探索性任务，例如土壤样品收集和寻找有机化合物。当前的火星地形细分模型需要大量标记的数据才能实现可接受的性能，还需要重新培训以在不同域中的部署，即不同的漫游者任务或不同的任务，即地质识别和导航。这项研究提出了一种半监督的学习方法，该方法利用了骨干的无监督对比度预处理，用于对火星表面的多效率语义分割。该模型将通过使用混合域训练套件来确保具有多样性的混合域训练套件，从而扩展到当前的火星分割能力，以便在不同的火星漫游者任务中部署以进行地形导航。使用平均像素精度的评估结果表明，与单个领域训练和监督培训相比，半监督的混合域方法通过达到火星科学实验室的好奇心漫游者的精度为97％，MARS 2020 Perseverance Perseverance Rover提高了精度。 。此外，使用召回度量与标准的跨透镜损失相比，使用召回度量的损失功能提供不同的权重方法将对少数族裔或稀有类别的模型提高了30％以上。这些结果可以以数据效率的方式为Rover任务提供未来的多任务和多任务语义细分。